Do you know about - Structure, Function and Care of Human Skin
Radiation Therapy School! Again, for I know. Ready to share new things that are useful. You and your friends.The human skin consists of two major structures:
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We had a good read. For the benefit of yourself. Be sure to read to the end. I want you to get good knowledge from Radiation Therapy School.* Epidermis
* Dermis
The Epidermis
The skin is added subdivided into 5 Layers (from deepest to most superficial layer):
* Stratum basale
* Stratum spinosum
* Stratum granulosum
* Stratum lucidum
* Stratum corneum
The Stratum basale (also called Stratum germinativum): This is the deepest layer of the skin and it is here that new cells are generated for the reparation of the epidermal layers of the skin. A process of cell division referred to as mitotic division is responsible for the generation of the new epidermal skin cells. After the mitotic division (cell division leading to the formation of a new cell) a newly formed cell will experience a progressive maturation called keratinisation as it migrates to the face of the skin (1).
The Stratum spinosum: The cells that divide in the stratum germinativum soon begin to procure many desmosomes (structures that join adjacent cells together) on their outer face (1).
The Stratum granulosum: As keratinocyes (these are the basic cell of which the skin is composed) progressively mature they procure a protein called keratin (this process is called keratinisation). In addition, the cells of the stratum granulosum procure dense basophilic keratohyalin granules (Granules found in living cells of keratinizing epithelia) (1).
The Stratum lucidum: This is the second layer of the skin and varies in thickness throughout the body depending in general on frictional forces and is thickest on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet (1).
The Stratum corneum: This layer consists of primarily dead skin cells. As a cell accumulates keratinohyalin granules, it is belief that rupture of lysosomal membranes (membrane face lysosomal enzymes) issue lysosomal enzymes (Lysosomal enzymes are those enzymes which are responsible for breaking down complicated chemicals within a cell which have expended their useful life) that eventually cause cell death (5). The dead and dying cells filled with mature keratin form the stratum corneum .
Skin reparation Process In the Epidermis
The skin is composed of stratified squamous epithelium (cells) and contains four critical types of cells. About 90% of the epidermal cells are keratinocytes (i.e.: cells with finger-like or 'horny' projections). They furnish the protein keratin. Keratin helps waterproof and safe the skin and basic tissues (2).
Keratinocytes in the stratum basale of the skin can experience mitosis (cell division). The formation of new cells in this basal layer moderately pushes previously formed cells upward straight through the stratum spinosum. As keratinocytes approach the face of the epidermis, they procure intracellular keratin and secrete a waxy material into the intercellular space; these changes are graphic in the stratum granulosum, a distinctive layer which is diagnostic for a keratinized epithelium. As maturing keratinocytes seal off the intercellular spaces straight through which they receive nutrients, they eventually die and form the stratum corneum, a tough and relatively impermeable layer of hardened, dead cells. Eventually, as cells reach the surface, they are sloughed off. The whole skin above the basal layer is replenished (replaced by new cells) within about two weeks (3).
Epidermal cells
There are any cells that make up the epidermis. Although the keratinocytes are by far the most common, they are just one of the cells found in the epidermis.
Others include:
Melanocytes: The main function of melanocytes is to furnish melanin, which is responsible for the colour of our skin (4).
Langerhans Cells arise from bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis. Langerhans cells interact with white blood cells called ‘helper T cells’ in immune responses and are indubitably damaged by Uv radiation (2).
Merkel Cells: Merkel cells are located in the deepest layer (stratum basale) of the skin of hairless skin, where they are attached to keratinocytes by desmosomes. Merkel cells make caress with the flattened quantum of the ending of a sensory neuron (nerve cell), called a tactile (Merkel) disc, and are belief to function in the sensation of touch (2).
Dermo-epidermal Junction
The skin and skin are separated by the Dermo-Epithelial Junction. This junction holds the skin and skin together and this is achieved by discrete fibers along with collagen and desmosomes. This prevents the two layers becoming separated in areas of high shearing stress such as fingertips, palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
The Dermis
The skin consists of two sub-layers:
* The Papillary skin and
* The Reticular dermis
The Papillary skin (sub-epithelial layer) includes areolar connective tissue, dermal papillae (finger like projections that growth the face area) and ridges that enlarge into the epidermis.
These nipple-shaped structures protrude into the epidermis, and many comprise loops of capillaries (very small blood vessels). Dermal papillae cause ridges in the overlying epidermis. It is these ridges that leave fingerprints on objects that are handled (2).
The Reticular skin consists of dense, irregular connective tissue containing interlacing bundles of collagen and coarse elastic fibers. Within the reticular region, bundles of collagen fibers interlace in a netlike manner. A small quantity of adipose tissue, hair follicles, nerves, oil glands, and the ducts of sweat glands occupy spaces between the fibers. Varying thicknesses of the reticular region lead to differences in the thickness of skin. The aggregate of collagen and elastic fibers in the reticular region provides the skin with strength, extensibility, and elasticity.
The Hypodermis
The reticular region is attached to basic organs, such as bone and muscle, by the subcutaneous layer, also called the hypodermis or superficial fascia. The subcutaneous layer also contains nerve endings called lamellated or Pacinian (pa-Sin-e-an) corpuscles that are sensitive to pressure. Nerve endings sensitive to cold are found in and just below the dermis, while those sensitive to heat are located in the middle and outer skin (2).
Skin Care of the Epidermis, Dermo-Epithelium, skin and Hypodermis
Exfoliation
Exfoliation of the skin affects the epidermis. The primary function of exfoliation is to:
a) remove dead skin cells
b) Promote new skin cell growth
c) Promote blood circulation
Exfoliating the skin's face is an leading step in the maintenance of healthy, vibrant looking skin. Products such as the Skin reparation Gel, from Wildcrafted Herbal Products, utilises natural ingredients that moderately remove the dead skin cells and nourish basic layers. Keeping dead skin cells to a minimum, allows the skin to be able to breath better, discharge nutrients from moisturisers more indubitably and reduces the risk of infections such as Ring Worm and other pathogens.
In addition, discharge of dead skin cells will cut the potential for sweat glands to become blocked thus reducing white heads, blackheads and acne.
Cleansing
Following exfoliation, cleansing will remove more deep seated dirt and help free pores of potential obstruction from the stale, natural skin oils and environmental particles that become lodged in the skin's folds, wrinkles and pores.
Toning
Once the dead skin cells have been removed and the skin cleaned it is leading to forestall pores from remaining open. Toning, utilises skin care products that comprise astringent ingredients which will close opened pores and forestall particles from entering the pores while they are wide open.
Natural skin care products should be used at all times, as there is addition evidence suggesting that some non-natural skin care products comprise ingredients that may be harmful to your health, as they are absorbed by your skin into the blood stream.
Natural skin care products such as moisturisers and masks target the Dermo-epithelium, skin and Hypodermis.
Moisturisers
Moisturisers penetrate the skin as they are absorbed into the deeper layers of the skin and the nutrients from the herbal extracts and critical oils in these moisturisers have the potential to promote cell growth and collagen production.
Moisturisers are an leading final step in your daily skin care regime. They moisturise and help safe your skin, they hydrate your skin and nourish the cells and other structures outlined above, thus helping in maintaining the condition of your skin.
Clay masks
Once or twice a week, a deep cleansing mask should be used on your facial skin and neck. These masks not only help to deeply cleanse your skin, but supply leading nutrients to the tissues of your skin and help to remove dead skin cells from your skin’s surface.
References:
1. [http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/medicine/dermatology/skinlsn/stspin.htm]
2. Tortora, G.J. & Grabowski, S.R. (1993) ideas of Anatomy and Physiology (7th Edition). HarperCollins College Publisher, New York. [Isbn0-06-046702-9]
3. Http://www.siumed.edu/~dking2/intro/skin.htm
4. Medic.med.uth.tmc.edu/Lecture/Main/integ1.htm
5. [http://www.ggc.org/Diagnostics/Biochemical/lysosomal_enyzmes.htm]
6. [http://www.ggc.org/Diagnostics/Biochemical/lysosomal_enyzmes.htm]
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