***Do you know about - Psychodynamic house Therapy
Psychoanalysis is a therapeutic advent preferred by followers of the Freudian school of plan (circa 1900's) that sees clients as psychologically ill through unconscious conflict within the mind. Freud based his advent on private clinical case studies, which fail to be empirically tested due to the impossibility of replication. This means that the treatment of clients is an act of faith based on sense of private therapists own experience.
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We had a good read. For the benefit of yourself. Be sure to read to the end. I want you to get good knowledge from Therapy Schools.The conflict that Freud wrote of was the mind's ability to protect itself from harm by creating strategies that Freud named defence mechanisms. These mechanisms forestall aware awareness of traumatic sense from the past in childhood that could cause distress to the client. These defence mechanisms often displayed themselves as maladaptive behaviour and presented themselves in therapy as symptomlogy of biological defects, such as twitching, nervousness and at its worst hysteria (panic attacks).
Freud believed that through the technique of free-association a inpatient could reinact mentally the past traumas and so through comprehension could come to terms with the past event. This meant that the client would be free of the syptomolgy and change their behaviour to more convenient strategies for coping with stress.
Freud's former ideas where based on his system of child improvement that led to a model of the mind in which the person's mental processes where divided into three parts. The first to compose was the "Id"; Freud saw this as the fundamental drive that was innate within all babies. From this stage the baby would witness its world orally to begin with and as it became more dextrous and language advanced would move through varied exploritry devices such as anal, phallic, latent and genital. More importantly from a therapy point of view each stage represented a maturing of the mind through socialization. This Freud saw as the improvement of the "Super-Ego" that part of the mind that took on board the beliefs and values of those colse to us. Parents instilled moral ideals such as right from wrong, consequences, so construction up a reaction to guilt. Later teachers would socialize children through what has become known as the hidden-curriculum, the idea being that school taught the value of timekeeping, discipline and the work ethic. Later peer groups would work on and modify this confidence system into adult maturity. The final part was that of the "Ego" which Freud saw as testing reality and refereeing between the "Id and the Super Ego" where the two parts of the mind would be in conflict over the Id's desire for gratification and the Super-ego's desire for regulation and rule following.
Since Freud's death in 1939 the neo-Freudians have modified his methods and differing schools of plan have honed and advanced psychoanalysis in many different directions. This has meant that modern psychoanalysis may present itself in many forms. Followers of Freud such as Jung, Adler, Horney, Fromm and many others all have contributed single insights into the therapeutic process. Also since Freud's time the work of Piaget, Vortgotsky and Klein have shed light into the developing world of the child and given differing aspects of conflict that may arise from early childhood. Later modern research such as conducted by Bowlby, Ruttter and Ainsworth brought into sharp focus the treatment of children by adults and the environment have a vast shaping work on over the child's eventual behaviour.
It is impossible to witness all the differing types of psychoanalysis in this short essay however on of the most influential and clinically appropriate styles is that of Eric Bern who advanced Transactional Analysis. Ta was advanced on the back of Freudian therapy but was an exertion to demystify the process of pathology by ridding itself of the language problems such as using Latin terms or Greek and Egyptian mythology used by Freudians to elaborate its concepts. Eric Berne substituted the idea of the Id, Ego & Superego with the Parent, Adult & Child, this being more readily understood by the layperson. however unlike Freudian system Ta became much more in-depth and groundbreaking in its insightfulness towards human behaviour.
In all psychoanalytical therapy it is primarily aimed at the private and the individuals problems of behaviour and ability to cope in the present environment. The success of private therapy is in debate. Eysenck in the 1960's published a damning report of the effectiveness of different types of advent to mental health and done that there was no supporting evidence that psychotherapy was any more sufficient than time. Eysenck was effectively saying that you were just as likely to recover with time passing than intervention. He also showed that in-patient statistics supported psychiatry as a more sufficient treatment for most patients. It has recently come to light that Eysenck exaggerated his figures to prove a point and that in fact the outcomes for psychiatry where not supported by evidence and in most cases citizen did have better outcomes through a session of psychoanalytical treatments.
From private therapy came the idea of Group therapy in that clients could benefit from interacting with those that they could identify with as being similar in suffering to themselves. The best group therapy is commonly that which brings together citizen with similar problems areas. Identifying with others helped to stop the confidence system of aloneness, isolation and feelings of "am I the only one". From these beginnings the idea of bringing the house together to help an private within the unit could be of a therapeutic benefit.
Family therapy is not based on any single personality system or school of thought. In itself it is an advent to problems in that the house is viewed as the inpatient and all are treated together. The idea is that the private is a stock of their environment and that to produce change the environment needs to be altered to benefit all the members of the family.
Unlike private therapy house therapy looks initially for the house power buildings and enhancing communications and comprehension between the members of the family. Most therapist try to growth private comprehension of each other and the ability for each member of the house to grow and be accepting of differentiation. Most families start of by scapegoating a single member of the house as the central cause of the upsets and disharmony within the unit. R. D. Laing and Esterson (1964) discovered through their research into the consequent of house in producing Schizophrenic children, that the house dynamics where directly responsible for the outcomes experienced by the private members. In Laing's eyes the house was responsible for the identification of the scapegoat and then an atmosphere of blaming everything that went wrong on that target member relieved the other house members of accountability for their own actions.
Family therapy advanced from the work of Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1956) from his system of normal Systems. This sees man as autonomous, creative organism living in an open system i.e. The family. Behaviour is regulated by the house and is seen in Gestalt terms as being part of a whole system of which the private is but a part. Each private then must conduce to the whole house in order for it to function successfully. Bertalanffy stressed transportation between members as the fundamental system to enhancing relationships and to stop the system of scapegoating. The purpose of the house therapy is to help the individuals emerge from the whole by becoming separate persons challenging from an undifferentiated wholeness to a differentiated individual.
Unlike psychoanalysis, house therapy often involves two therapists. One acts as mediator between the members and initiates subject discussion and guidance, while the other acts as an observer. It is very difficult to note everything that is going on in body language and asides when four or more house members are all speaking and trying to spin their scenario of what is going wrong within the house unit. The second therapist can look objectively at both what the house members are contributing and also how their colleague is influencing and interacting within the group. through this technique over many sessions the house dynamics emerge and conflicts and resolutions can be obtained to the delight of all the members of the house in crisis.
One single system of house therapy was proposed by George Kelly (1955) called "Personal compose Theory." Kelly believed that a citizen are constantly changing and developing and that to understand someone we have to try and find out how that someone makes sense of the world. Kelly believed that citizen act as scientists constantly evaluating the world and applying attributions to elaborate and understand the actions of others. Kelly's offering to house therapy was that by private psychoanalysis with members of a house you could ask each one their impression of how the others think and spin to them and what the other house members think of each other. From this advent the house generate model of their world and compose relationships based on this fundamental postulate that private members anticipate what the other members will do in any situation and therefore act accordingly towards them. It was Kelly's hypothesis that by comprehension the private pathology that house constructs and so interaction could be better understood. In therapeutic terms this meant a more in-depth comprehension into relationships and how others perceived the house environment.
From Kelly's and others work it is potential in both psychoanalysis and house therapy to see alliances, dyads and triads within the house system. Alliances elaborate conflict when for example father and mother allow the son to stay out late but not the daughter. A dyad exists between the father and mother against the daughter and a triad if the son also agrees with the parents. however these dynamics can change. mother may sympathise with the daughter's plights and may have an alliance between the daughter against the Father's wishes. The son may align himself to the daughter against the father and mother and so form two dyads in conflict. This system helps us to understand the problems and interaction within the house unit on a therapeutic level.
The consequent of both psychoanalysis and house therapy are not diametrically opposed but act as complimentary to each other as a form of withhold depending on the needs of the client and their presenting problems. The therapist in both situations needs to be aware of their limitations in the work to be achieved and the goals set by both the private and house members. Both methods require a high level of theoretical comprehension and the ability to be flexible in the advent taken. Critically the therapist should all the time remember to clearly define the aims and objectives of their chosen therapy and the reasons and acceptability of the clients to that single approach.
A connection of trust has to be achieved in therapy and this is doubly hard to do when confronted by hostile house members who may feel intimidated by being in therapy in the first place. Being able to couple with one someone through empathy is a skill needed by the therapist and in house therapy this means of policy trying to empathise with four or more citizen without appearing bias to one member over another. The danger of transference exists at a more complex level in the house therapy. The therapist may be seen as a threat to parental dominance by becoming the new parent. The main aim of whether therapy is to bring the client or clients to a conflict free environment and not to generate new conflicts along the way.
Much modern therapy is of policy short-term in period and in itself creates problems. Economically all therapy can be expensive and therapist should be aware of the economic conflicts involved, even to the point of the house blaming one member for the price of therapy. By its very nature therapy can in many instances only guide the private or house on to the path of resolution and so should couple on those skills needed by the clients to achieve this goal as early as potential during therapy. This will enable the clients to continue therapy on their own by following laid down strategies for dealing with time to come conflict. Teaching Eric Berne's "Game Theory" can help clients to recognise for themselves when what they say or do is not what they undoubtedly mean but a psychological game based in childhood as a way of resolving problems that is no longer affective in adulthood.
"What ever method the therapist uses or the client responds too both psychoanalysis, in its many forms and house therapy can help to rule aware and unconscious conflict.
References:
Berne, E (1964) Games citizen Play, Pgs. 1/37
Berne, E (1970) Sex in Human Loving, Pgs93/96
Kennedy, E (1973) On Becoming a Counsellor Pg 221
Bion, W.R. (1961) Experiences in Groups Pg 11
Fromm, E. (1973) The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness Pg 291
Rycroft, C (1985) Psychoanalysis and Behaviour Pgs 58, 128, 147.
Mitchell, J (1986) The selected Melanie Klein Pgs57, 84.
Laing, Rd & Esterson, A (1964) Sanity, Madness and the house Pgs 1/15
Christensen/Wagner/Halliday (2001) Instant Notes psychology Pgs.236
Rea's question Solver in psychology Pgs600/601
Thompson. B (1984) Unit 8 group psychology D307 Open University Pgs9-19
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